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الأربعاء، 30 مارس 2016

Biological effects of Radiation

بسم الله الرحمن الر حيم


Biological effects of radiation
Because of the huge revolution in using  radiation by different methods and because some of us don’t know about the risks of these radiation on our bodies, I make this blog to explain how can radiations affect, in form of Objectives list, which include:

v Definition of Radiation.
v Describe how the radiations affects "The mechanism".
v Describe the biological effects of the radiations "Long term & Short term".

       i.            The definition of radiation:
The complete process in which energy is emitted by one body, transmitted through an intervening medium or space, and absorbed by another body. As x-ray in medicine, cell phone in communication and nuclear
weapons in economics and wars.


Cell phone's radiation
X-ray radiation


One of the Japaneses solider during 1st word war 


    ii.            The mechanism by which the radiation can affect:

Mechanism of radiation affect

 Radiation can affect in two types; Direct & indirect.













A)  Direct:








B) Indirect:
Interacting with the water that makes up most of the cell’s volume. Then break the bonds that hold the water molecule together, producing fragments such as hydrogen (H) and hydroxyls (OH). However, they could combine to form toxic substances, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can contribute to the destruction of the cell.
Indirect
Indirect

  iii.            The biological effects of the radiations "Long term & Short term":
Biological effects of radiation are typically divided into two categories. The first category consists of exposure to high doses of radiation over short periods of time producing acute or short term effects. The second category represents exposure to low doses of radiation over an extended period of time producing chronic or long term effects.
A)  Short term or acute effects:
It depends upon the amount of radiation that our bode receive.
< 5 rad: No immediate observable effects.
~ 5 rad to 50 rad: Slight blood changes may be detected by medical evaluations.
~ 50 rad to 150 rad: Slight blood changes will be noted and symptoms of nausea, fatigue, vomiting.
Fatigue















~ 150 rad to 1,100 rad: Severe blood changes will be noted and symptoms appear immediately. Approximately 2 weeks later, some of those exposed may die. Death is due to the destruction of the blood forming organs. Without white blood cells, infection is likely. At the lower end of the dose range, isolation, antibiotics, and transfusions may provide the bone marrow time to generate new blood cells and full recovery is possible. At the upper end of the dose range, a bone marrow transplant may be required to produce new blood cells.
Blood change

~ 1,100 rad to 2,000 rad: The probability of death increases to 100% within one to two weeks. The initial symptoms appear immediately. A few days later, things get very bad, very quickly since the gastrointestinal system is destroyed. Once the GI system ceases to function, nothing can be done, and medical care is for comfort only.
> 2,000 rad: Death is a certainty. At doses above 5,000 rad, the central nervous system can’t control the body functions, including breathing blood circulation. Everything happens very quickly. Nothing can be done, and medical care is for comfort only.

B)   Long term or chronic effects:
The main two types of long term effects
There are three general categories of effects resulting from exposure to low doses of radiation. These are: Genetic(Include In utero), Somatic and In utero.
1-    Genetic: The Genetic Effect involves the mutation of very specific cells, namely the sperm or egg cells. Mutations of these reproductive cells are passed to the offspring of the individual exposed. One very important fact to remember is that radiation increases the spontaneous mutation rate, but does not produce any new mutations.
2-    Somatic effect: Effect is suffered by the individual exposed Primary consequence is cancer.
Lung cancer

Radiation also cause thyroiditis






3-    In utero: It is branch of genetic effect. Effects of radiation on embryo/fetus Intrauterine Death, Growth Retardation, Developmental Abnormalities and  Childhood Cancers.

 













Best wishes & keep your health..
Dr. Muhannad Alhazmi

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